Causes of Optic Nerve Atrophy

Optic nerve atrophy is not a name for a disease, but refers to a pathological change where any disease causes damage to the retinal ganglion cells and their axons, resulting in the entire optic nerve becoming thin.
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Causes of Pediatric Intellectual Disability

Pediatric intellectual disability can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial infections during pregnancy, improper medication use, falls, malnutrition, and drug abuse. Birth defects may occur due to premature birth, difficult labor, infant asphyxia, bacterial infections, or low birth weight, leading to poor brain development or damage. In the infant and toddler stage, seizures, hypoglycemia, bacterial infections such as meningitis, jaundice, malnutrition, or accidental brain injuries can disrupt intellectual development.
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Causes of Red and Swollen Anus in a 4-Year-Old Baby

A 4-year-old baby’s buttocks become red due to intestinal dampness and heat. Pay attention to a light diet, avoid spicy foods, maintain cleanliness around the anus, and observe for symptoms such as diarrhea. Choose cotton underwear, ensure good ventilation, and frequently wash the buttocks with clean water. Dab a sterile cotton swab with iodine tincture, dip it into the iodine tincture bottle once, and disinfect from the inside out three times, applying it three times a day.
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