Question
What medications are used to treat pediatric ADHD?
Answer
Medications can improve attention deficits, reduce activity levels, and to some extent, enhance academic performance, thereby improving the relationship between patients and family members in the short term. (1) Central Nervous System Stimulants - These are first-line treatment drugs, with methylphenidate and its controlled-release tablets being primarily used in China. Methylphenidate, commercially known as Ritalin, can help improve attention at low doses and reduce symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsiveness at higher doses, thereby reducing behavioral issues. Central nervous system stimulants are limited to patients aged 6 years and older. Due to their central stimulant effects, they should not be used at night. Side effects may include decreased appetite, insomnia, headache, irritability, and anger, and it is uncertain whether they affect growth and development. Central nervous system stimulants may trigger or worsen tics in patients with comorbid tic disorders; therefore, they are not recommended for such patients. Long-term use of central nervous system stimulants also requires consideration of the issue of substance abuse. (2) Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors - The representative drug is atomoxetine. Atomoxetine is as effective as methylphenidate with fewer adverse reactions and better tolerance, and has been listed as a first-line treatment for ADHD. Features include a single daily dose that provides 24-hour efficacy; long-term use has no addictive potential; the onset of action is slower than that of central nervous system stimulants, usually taking 1 to 2 weeks after starting medication to show efficacy, and is not suitable for patients with ADHD who require acute treatment. The most common adverse reaction is gastrointestinal symptoms; this medication should be taken after meals.