Complications for mothers and children with type 1 diabetes during pregnancy are closely related to blood glucose levels during pregnancy. Maintaining normal blood glucose levels during pregnancy, and strengthening monitoring of the mother and fetus, can significantly improve the prognosis for both. Therefore, it is emphasized that blood glucose levels should be controlled and monitored before pregnancy begins, and pregnancy should only start after blood glucose levels are normal, with enhanced monitoring during pregnancy. This can greatly reduce the likelihood of newborns developing type 1 diabetes. Diabetic patients planning to get pregnant should undergo a comprehensive physical examination before pregnancy, including blood pressure, 24-hour urine protein quantification, kidney function tests, fundus examination, and electrocardiogram, among others, to determine the severity of diabetes. Patients on oral hypoglycemic drugs should discontinue these medications before pregnancy and switch to insulin to control blood glucose levels. Maintaining normal blood glucose levels before and in the early stages of pregnancy can significantly reduce the incidence of fetal malformations and miscarriages. Additionally, taking a small dose of folic acid (0.4-0.8 mg daily) three months before and in the early stages of pregnancy can help prevent neural tube defects in the fetus. Active control of blood glucose includes:
① Reasonable Diet: Adhere to individualized principles; even overweight women should not overly restrict their diet during pregnancy to avoid hunger-induced ketosis. Eat smaller, more frequent meals, distributing them into 5-6 meals per day, with breakfast not exceeding 2/18 of the total daily calories, lunch and dinner each accounting for 5/18 of the total daily calories, with additional snacks in the morning and evening as well as before bedtime. Consume foods rich in fiber and vitamins.
② Appropriate Exercise: Under no internal medicine or obstetric contraindications, appropriate exercise can be performed, especially for overweight pregnant women who should engage in some exercise after meals. The intensity of exercise should not be excessive, aiming to keep heart rate within 120 beats per minute, with a duration of 20-30 minutes, preferable activities include walking and other rhythmic exercises. Avoid strenuous exercise (intense exercise), especially in cases with threatened miscarriage or other serious conditions.
